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ABSTRACT:
The decoding of the human genome has identified gene variants that track historical population migrations. Although many do not affect your appearance or physical makeup, some variants can reveal how much of your ancestry is European, Native American, Asian, or sub-Saharan African. Recent "admixture mapping” studies in molecular anthropology have sampled thousands of Americans from many regions and of every so-called "race." Some findings reflect common sense: The typical "Black" American has only 13-18 percent European genetic admixture. The typical "White" American is overwhelmingly of European genetic admixture. But other discoveries are surprising: About one-third of "White" Americans unknowingly have between 2 and 20 percent of recent sub-Saharan genetic admixture (the equivalent of one African ancestor since 1880). About five percent of "Black" Americans have no detectable sub-Saharan genetic admixture at all. Every decade, two percent of formerly “Black” youngsters switch to calling themselves “Hispanic” or “White” after high school. About 60,000 switch "race" every year. Over 2,000,000 “White” American adults alive today started life as “Black” children. About 9,000,000 Americans took this step over the past century and a half. Their 74,000,000 “White” descendants, on average, have the genetic equivalent of one pureblooded African ancestor within the past 120 years; the vast majority are completely unaware of the fact. In short, between 1850 and 1920, when the one-drop rule swept the nation, for every person whose “race” was resolved in court, some five thousand individuals slipped silently across the color line, unheralded and unnoticed.
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