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ABSTRACT:
Traditional approaches to metaphor--the received view--have viewed metaphor as largely a property of language behavior. As a result, theories of metaphoric processes have been overly parochial evidencing an inability to explain various phenomena that may share similar underlying processes. Three accounts of metaphor are reviewed: The language view, the synesthetic view, and the cognitive view. In support of the cognitive or symbol systems approach various lines of evidence are offered: Prelinguistic evidence including studies of metaphor-in-action and physiognomic perception as well as evolutionary considerations; studies of children's comprehension and use of spatial, gestural, and pictorial metaphor; and adult studies of gestural representation and evidence from injury to the brain. Various theories of nonverbal metaphor are reviewed with special attention given to visual metaphor including illustrations from art theorists and historians and arguments from philosophers. Finally, the issue of visual metaphor is framed within a more general theory of visual thinking.
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