Elliott and Armour (1988) The penalty throw in water polo: a cinematographic analysis

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The penalty throw in water polo: a cinematographic analysis

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CONTRIBUTORS:

	Author:	Elliott, B. C.
	Author:	Armour, J.

JOURNAL:

Journal of Sports Sciences (JSS), 6(2), ?? - ??.

YEAR:

1988

PUB TYPE:

Journal Article

SUBJECT(S):

WATER-POLO; MAN; WOMAN; BIOMECHANICS; ELITE-ATHLETE; PENALTY-THROW; CINEMATOGRAPHY; SEX-FACTOR; COMPARATIVE-STUDY

DISCIPLINE:

No discipline assigned

HTTP:

LANGUAGE:

English

PUB ID:

103-366-264 (Last edited on 2002/02/27 18:45:02 US/Mountain)

SPONSOR(S):

ABSTRACT:
Three-dimensional (3-D) high-speed cinematography was used to record the penalty throw in water polo by six elite male (M) and six elite female (F) players. Five of the twelve subjects lifted the ball from underneath at the start of the throw whilst the remaining subjects opted for a rotation lift. As the ball was brought behind the head the females used very little hip and shoulder rotation compared to the male players. At the completion of the backswing the wrist was flexed to a similar angle; the elbow angle showed significantly greater flexion for females. During the forward swing, from the rear point to release, the wrist joint of the female players flexed from a rear point angle of 158 degrees to 148 degrees at release. The wrist movement for male subjects was different from the females. The amount of elbow extension during the forward swing was 48 degrees for both groups; however, the females actually released the ball with the forearm vertical (89 degrees) compared to the male forearm angle of 78 degrees. Maximum angular velocity of the wrist and elbow occurred at release for 9 of the 12 subjects. Both the wrist and elbow joints demonstrated greater flexion at release in female subjects, compared with males. Maximum linear endpoint velocities for the forearm and hand segments occurred at ball release resulting in mean ball velocities of 19.1 m per s and 14.7 m per s for male and female subjects respectively.

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