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ABSTRACT:
Investigators mailed surveys to 1500 certified basketball referees and received returns from 721, including 57 women. The average age of respondents was 41.9 years, and their average refereeing experience was 14.4 years. Ninety-eight referees (13.6 percent) reported that they had been assaulted at least once while officiating. Assaults were as common among female respondents as male respondents. Forty-five percent of the assaults were minor incidents, such as pushing, grabbing, or spitting, but 51 percent were more serious acts, such as punching, choking, or throwing objects at the referee. Players (41 percent) were the most common assailants, followed by parents (20 percent), coaches (19 percent), and fans (15 percent). Referees reported that alcohol was a factor in 20 percent of assaults that occurred in adult basketball leagues, but alcohol was not a significant factor at other levels of competition. There was a small but significant relationship between the seriousness of the assault and the seriousness of the consequence, but there was no punishment for 55 percent of the assailants. These data suggest that assaults of referees are common, that some of the assaults are serious, and that the consequences for these assaults are inconsistent.
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