Aggressive behaviors in soccer as a function of competition level and time: a field study
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ABSTRACT:
Little research has been focused on how experience and excellence influence aggression in team sports. Furthermore, use of the archival research method doesn't distinguish between instrumental and hostile aggression. The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of competition level and time on aggression in soccer, which we define as rule-breaking behaviors. Direct observation of instrumental and hostile aggression was employed. We analyzed French soccer championship games which can be subdivided into three levels of competition. ANOVAs revealed that time (first and second period) and competition level tended to influence instrumental and hostile aggression in opposite ways. The results of the study are discussed with specific reference to the different aspects of psychological and learning processes.
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