Superstitious behavior in sport: levels of effectiveness and determinants of use in three collegiate sports
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ABSTRACT:
Use of superstitious behaviors in sport is a widely accepted practice in athletes from all sports and across cultures (Womack, 1992). Although these behaviors are prevalent, a limited number of research studies have examined superstitious behaviors or rituals, their perceived effectiveness, or the underlying determinants of these behaviors. The present study examines superstition use in three, NCAA, Division I, collegiate teams. Surveys measuring use of superstitious rituals and their perceived effectiveness, importance of sport success, sport anxiety, locus of control and religiosity were given to 107 athletes on football, gymnastics and track teams. Results of the study indicated that superstitious ritual use varies across sports, and that most-used behaviors are not necessarily those rated most effective in influencing sport performance. In addition, little support was shown for anxiety, locus of control, importance of success or religiosity playing significant roles in determining overall use of superstitious behavior. However, these factors were important in distinguishing use of specific rituals. This work is important in understanding what superstitious rituals athletes use and how effective these rituals are perceived to be. Follow-up work needs to address the relationship between use of superstition in sport and acutal sport performance.
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