Personal control in elite gymnasts: the relationships between locus of control, self-esteem, and trait anxiety
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ABSTRACT:
This study investigated the extent to which young elite female gymnasts reported a sense of personal control or internal locus of control. Furthermore, the relationships between this sense of personal control and other aspects of psychological well-being, namely, self-esteem, and trait anxiety, were examined. The subjects included 30 elite, female gymnasts between the ages of 11 and 17 years. The measures for locus of control, self-esteem and trait anxiety included the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, respectively. The results indicated that these gymnasts reported higher external loscus of control and lower self-esteem scores than the published age- and gender appropriate norms while the trait anxiety scores did not differ significantly from the norms. Implications are made for enhancing the sense of personal control of these young female athletes within the context of high performance sport.
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