Systematic observation of ice hockey referees during games
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ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this study was to analyze the behaviors of eight youth ice hockey referees during 15 different games. The Systematic Observation of Referees' Behaviors instrument was developed using an interval recording procedure to analyze the referees' behaviors as well as to whom the behavior was directed and the objective. The results indicated that the referees spent an average of 44.7 percent of the game monitoring without interacting, 40.6 percent of the game intervening verbally or with gestures, and 13 percent of the game "waiting." When referees intervened verbally it was mostly to encourage or give advice to the players. These results support the potential educational role that referees can have during games and provides a detailed descriptive analysis of youth ice hockey referees' behaviors. Further, this study contributes to a data base of referees' behaviors and could serve as a starting point from which to examine the nature of referees' roles in children's sport.
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