Self-regulatory characteristics of competitive swimmers as a function of skill level and gender
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ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the extent to which competitive swimmers differed on selected psychological characteristics and behavioral tendencies as a function of their skill level and gender. Kirschenbaum and Wittrock's (1984) self-regulation (SR) model served as the theoretical framework. Subjects consisted of Australian elite male (n = 79) and elite female (n = 67) swimmers (M age combined = 20.4 yrs.) who competed at the national level, and non-elite male (n = 57) and non-elite female (n = 67) swimmers (M age combined = 17.6 yrs.) who competed at the state and local levels. The best logistic regression model of the probability of being an elite swimmer included 15 of the 100-item survey, and three terms in which the subject's gender interacted with the item. Results indicated that elites, more than their non-elite peers, engaged in measurably more self regulatory thoughts and behaviors prior to and during the competition. For example, males more than females revealed a willingness to sacrifice recreational time for improving their swim skills, and were more likely to train with greater intensity following a disappointing performance. Nevertheless, there were far more similarities than differences between male and female competitors, particularly among elites. The results, and implications for using self-regulation strategies in competitive swimming, are discussed within the context of the SR model.
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