Rainey and Larsen (1993) Normative rules among umpires: the "phantom tag" at second base

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Normative rules among umpires: the "phantom tag" at second base

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CONTRIBUTORS:

	Author:	Rainey, D. W.
	Author:	Larsen, J. D.

JOURNAL:

Journal of Sport Behavior (JSB), 16(3), 147 - 155.

YEAR:

1993

PUB TYPE:

Journal Article

SUBJECT(S):

baseball; second-base; officiating; judgement

DISCIPLINE:

No discipline assigned

HTTP:

https://secure.sportquest.com/su.cfm?articleno=324895&title=324895

LANGUAGE:

English

PUB ID:

103-343-457 (Last edited on 2002/02/27 18:44:13 US/Mountain)

SPONSOR(S):

ABSTRACT:
Thirty umpires viewed videotaped simulations of 64 force-out plays at second base. They called runners safe or out for eight categories of plays: runner beat ball or ball beat runner x fielder had foot on base or fielder did not touch base x easy call or difficult call. ANOVA revealed the umpires made significantly fewer correct calls, F(1,29) = 66.90, p less than .001, when the ball beat the runner but the fielder did not touch the base, supporting the hypothesis that umpires would allow the "phantom tag." Analysis of the distribution of scores indicated that about half the umpires used this normative rule. Results are consistent with earlier findings indicating the existence of normative rules for ball/strike and first-base calls.

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