Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health
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ABSTRACT:
The relations between motivation for physical activity, level of participation indices and psychological outcomes of activity were examined for 376 adult subjects. Three participation motivation factors -- interestenjoyment, competence, and body-related motives -- were measured, using a new scale presented in the study. A primary purpose of the study was to examine motivational differences between two groups: persons whose primary activity is an individual sport and those whose primary activity is fitness- or exercise-oriented. Results showed individual sport participants to have higher interest/enjoyment and competence motivation than fitness group participants, while the fitness group scored higher on body-related motivation. Correlations showed all types of motivation to be related to participation indices; however only interest/enjoyment and competence motivation were related to positive psychological outcomes. Body-related motivation was associated with greater depression and anxiety, but not with self-esteem. Level of participation indices generally correlated with feelings of physical fitness, but not with mental health outcomes. Results are compared with previous studies, and their theoretical implications are discussed.
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