Perceived stressors for football and volleyball officials from three rating levels
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ABSTRACT:
Sports officials may suffer from significant stress, and, except for soccer officials (e.g., Taylor & Daniel, 1987), researchers have not determined perceived stressors of officials or those officials who might be at high risk for stress. Ninety-nine sports officials from intramural and interscholastic volleyball and football were given a 31 item revised version of the Soccer Officials Stress Survey. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed five factors: Fear of Physical Harm, Verbal Abuse, Pressure Game, Time Pressures, and Fear of Failure. Follow-up univariate analysis revealed football officials reported significantly more Fear of Physical Harm (p = .01) than volleyball officials; and certified interscholastic officials perceived more Fear of Failure than intramural (p = .01) and noncertified officials (p less than .001). The results indicate that none of the perceived stress factors were major contributors to the officials' overall stress from officiating, but some of the factors could distinguish between sports and among officiating levels.
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