Relationship between anabolic steroid use and selected psychological parameters in male bodybuilders
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ABSTRACT:
To identify psychological aberrations associated with anabolic steroid use, three groups of male bodybuilders completed a questionnaire. Two of the groups, non-users (n=14) and present-users (n=13), completed the Multi-Dimensional Anger Inventory (MDAI). Present-users scored significantly higher (t-tests, p is greater than .05) than non-users on two dimensions of the MDAI: 'Anger-arousal" (23.2 plus/minus 5.6 vs 19.6 plus/minus 4.3) and "Hostile Outlook" (13.6 plus/minus 3.7 vs 11.1 plus/minus 2.1). The third group, former-users (n=18), and the present-users also reported their behaviors and emotions during periods of use and non-use on a Steroid-Symptom Likert-type scale. The items from this scale formed three dimensions: mild psychological changes, aggression, and distorted reality. When responses from former-users and present-users were combined, 40 percent of the respondents indicated that the symptoms in the mild-psychological-changes and aggression categories were highly descriptive of them during periods of anabolic steroid use. The association of reversible behavioral alterations, particularly of aggressive episodes, with steroid use supports a growing literature describing consequences of abusing these compounds. Correlation coefficients revealed no systematic relationships between Symptom-Scale responses and duration of use, milligrams per week, or number of drugs used. Taken together, these results suggest that steroid use may be associated with more frequent episodes of anger which are of greater intensity and duration, and a more hostile attitude toward others.
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