An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport
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ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this paper is to propose a motivational sequence that integrates much of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation literature in sport. The proposed motivational sequence: "Social Factors arrow to the right Psychological Mediators arrow to the right Types of Motivation arrow to the right Consequences" is in line with self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 1991) and the Hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Vallerand, 1997). Using the sequence, it is first shown that the motivational impact of social factors inherent in sport, such as competition/cooperation, success/failure, and coaches' behaviors toward athletes, takes place through their influence on athletes' perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness (i.e., the psychological mediators). Second, recent results are provided with respect to a new multidimensional measure (i.e., the Sport Motivation Scale; Pelletier et al., 1995) to assess the different types of athletes' motives. Third, we review findings that suggest that such sport motives lead to various consequences for the athlete (e.g., affect, persistence, and sportspersonship). Finally, the paper concludes with suggestions for future research.
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